![]() ❒ Know This (?) As astounding as it may sound, the lungs consist of over 300,000 capillaries. As oxygen penetrates the alveoli, the carbon dioxide is extricated from the blood as we exhale. When oxygen passes through the trachea into the lungs, it goes through tiny air sacs called alveoli. The trachea – also known as the windpipe – serves as the passageway for inhalation. Regarded as the most vital organ of the respiratory system, a pair of lungs is located inside the chest, their primary function being the release of oxygen into the blood and extricating carbon dioxide from the blood. ![]() Know that the brain has four sections: the cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and brain stem. Marked by folds that meander through the surface area of the brain, the signals in the form of information, are passed from the brain as they navigate through the spinal cord, and then transported to other parts of the body. 37.The brain aids us to think, comprehend, and create. Systemic lymphomas may also spread to the cervical lymph nodes by this pathway.įig. ![]() Gastric carcinoma may metastasize to the left supraclavicular group of lymph nodes, producing an enlarged sentinel node (see pp. Lymph from the entire body is channeled to the left and right jugulosubclavian junctions (red circles). The left and right vertebral arteries pass through the atlanto-occipital membrane and combine to form the basilar artery. The suboccipital triangle is bounded by the suboccipital muscles (rectus capitis posterior major and obliquus capitis superior and inferior) and contains the vertebral artery. The occiput is technically a region of the head, but it is included here due to the continuity of the vessels and nerves from the neck. Subcutaneous layer (left), subfascial layer (right). 37.35 Occipital and posterior cervical regions Topography of the Posterior Cervical Regionįig. The contents of the deep lateral cervical region are found in Fig. Topography of the Lateral Cervical Region Right lateral view with sternocleidomastoid windowed. Topography of the Anterior & Lateral Cervical Regions Topography of the Anterior Cervical Region Note: The inferior thyroid vein generally drains into the left brachiocephalic vein. Neurovasculature of the Larynx, Thyroid & Parathyroidsįig. Muscles that move the larynx as a whole (infra- and suprahyoid muscles) are described on p. The laryngeal muscles move the laryngeal cartilages relative to one another, affecting the tension and/or position of the vocal folds. 37.20 Arytenoid and corniculate cartilages The elastic epiglottic cartilage comprises the internal skeleton of the epiglottis, providing resilience to return it to its initial position after swallowing.įig. They are connected to each other, the trachea, and the hyoid bone by elastic ligaments. ![]() The larynx consists of five laryngeal cartilages: epiglot-tic, thyroid, cricoid, and the paired arytenoid and corniculate cartilages. 37.15 Motor innervation of the anterolateral neck 37.14 Sensory innervation of the anterolateral neckįig. 37.13 Innervation of the nuchal regionįig. This causes conspicuous swelling in the jugular (and sometimes more minor) veins.įig. When clinical factors (e.g., chronic lung disease, mediastinal tumors, or infections) impede the flow of blood to the right heart, blood darns up in the superior vena cava and, consequently, the jugular veins. The principal veins of the neck are the internal, external, and anterior jugularveins. The structures of the neck are primarily supplied by the external carotid artery (anterior branches) and the subclavian artery (vertebral artery, thyrocervical trunk, and costocervical trunk). The suboccipital muscles (short nuchal and craniovertebral joint muscles) are included in this chapter with the deep muscles of the neck.įig. Functionally, however, the platysma belongs to the muscles of facial expression, the trapezius belongs to the muscles of the shoulder girdle, and the nuchal muscles belong to the intrinsic back muscles. 16.įrom a topographical standpoint, there are six major muscle groups in the neck. For the ligaments of the craniovertebral joints, see p. Midsagittal section, viewed from the left side. Zygapophyseal (intervertebral facet) jointsįig.
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